Hyperspectral images due to simultaneous acquisition of data in more than hundreds narrow and close spectral bands, have a very high correlation bandwidth. Hence, in order to store in less storage space, higher transmission speed and less bandwidth, they need Compression. Various lossless and lossy methods for Compression are exist, that can be in the spatial domain or in the spectrum domain. But, regard to the importance of spectral information of hyperspectral images in remote sensing, this Compression should be done by this condition that the spectral information of this kind of images is well preserved. Compression methods can be based on either the predictive function or using of a codebook, to compress information. Data Compression can also be done based on transformation coding, which these transformations can be cosine functions (DCTs), wavelet functions (DWTs), or principal component analysis (PCAs). Of course, PCA-based Compression is one of the most effective ways to eliminate image correlations and reduce their volume. Another extension is the method of using curve fitting, which is applied exclusively to compress hyperspectral images due to its effect on the image spectrum. This method uses the spectral signature of the each pixel of image to reduce the feature by finding the closest approximation function to express the curve and storing its coefficients as a new feature for reconstruction compressed data. By replacing these coefficients in the equation of approximation, spectrum reflection curve for each pixel can be reconstructed. This method has very good results in comparison with previous methods such as PCA, but in Compression using this method, the SRC curve has been approximated in some points with distortion. In this paper, we tried to eliminate these distortions, by finding points which have distortion and Breakdown the SCR. On the other hand, by using the Savitsky-Golay smoothing filter we can also reduce distortion and increase the PSNR. Another way to eliminate or reduce this distortion described in this article is as follow: At the first the spectral signature of each pixel of the intended data is smoothed by a Savitsky-Golay smoothing filter and then by using a particular method is divided into adjoining adjacent spaces and then a curve is plotted for each slice of data. By choosing the best degree and window length for smoothing and selecting the best degree of numerator and denominator of function, the coefficients of the selected rational function are considered as new features of the image. By using the proposed method, in addition to eliminating the distortion, the PSNR level is became much higher and the reconstructed image quality is very close to the original image.

Regarding to the high between-band correlation and large volumes of hyperspectral data, feature reduction (either feature selection or extraction) is an important part of classification process for this data type. A variety of feature reduction methods have been developed using spectral and spatial domains. In this paper, a feature extracting technique is proposed based on rational function curve fitting. For each pixel of a hyperspectral image, a specific rational function approximation is developed to fit the spectral response curve of that pixel. Coefficients of the numerator and denominator polynomials of these functions are considered as new extracted features. This new technique is based on the fact that the sequence discipline - ordinance of reflectance coefficients in spectral response curve - contains some information which has not been considered by other statistical analysis based methods, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and their nonlinear versions. Also, we show that naturally different curves can be approximated by rational functions with equal form, but different amounts of coefficients. Maximum likelihood classification results demonstrate that the Rational Function curve Fitting Feature Extraction (RFCF-FE) method provides better classification accuracies compared to competing feature extraction algorithms. The method, also, has the ability of lossy data Compression. The original data can be reconstructed using the fitted curves. In addition, the proposed algorithm has the possibility to be applied to all pixels of image individually and simultaneously, unlike to PCA and other methods which need to know whole data for computing the transform matrix.

In developing new pedotransfer functions, finding new input variables is a major challenge for improving the estimation of soil hydraulic properties. In this study, behavior of soils under compaction along with some basic soil properties were used as new inputs for the estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of 120 soil samples from five provinces, namely, Mazandaran, West and East Azarbaijan, Kermanshah, and Hamadan. The Ks was estimated using Atterberg limits (liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit), confined Compression curve parameters and basic soil properties (silt/sand, clay percentage and bulk density) as predictors, at 3 steps. At the first step, only the basic soil properties were used as predictors. Pedotransfer functions developed by regression method showed that step 2, with the inputs of confined Compression curve parameters, and step 3, with the inputs of only Atterberg limits, both along with basic soil properties, led to relative improvement in the Ks estimates. The root mean square error (RMSE) values in training and testing of the steps 1, 2, and 3 were 0. 624, 0. 620, 0. 584 and 0. 887, 0. 821, 0. 829, respectively. According to RMSE criterion, relative improvement values for the training of the second and third steps were 0. 64% and 6. 35% and for the testing of the second and third steps were 7. 55% and 6. 33%, respectively. According to the R2adj entering confined Compression curve parameters or Atterberg limits along with the basic soil properties could not improve the estimations. Accuracy of the third step (according to RMSE and Akaike’ s information criterion) and reliability of the second and third steps (according to RMSE and Akaike’ s information criterion) were improved in comparison with the first step.

In the hot Compression test friction has a detrimental influence on the flow stress through the process and therefore, correcting the deformation curve for real behavior is very important for both researchers and engineers. In this study, a series of Compression tests were simulated using Abaqus software. In this study, it has been employed the Taguchi method to design experiments by the factors of material flow curve and the friction coefficient. The Compression test was simulated up to the axial strain of 1 and then the deformation curve was extracted from the force-displacement plot of the strokes. Deviations between the deformation curves and the material flow curves were analyzed using Taguchi approach. Furthermore, the final shape of samples and friction coefficients were logically correlated. As a result, a new method was proposed in order to evaluate the material flow curve, based on the experimental data by the mathematical data manipulation.

Background: Chronic diabetes is substantially associated with circulatory disorders in lower limbs. Vacuum-Compression Therapy (VCT) has been commonly used in treatment of peripheral circulatory disorders. VCT is based on intermittent alteration of Positive- Negative pressure phases. The purpose of this study was to determine effects of VCT on diabetic subjects' peripheral blood flow.Methods: In this Before-After and case-series study, 18 type 2 diabetic subjects with diabetic neuropathy and/or peripheral vascular disease (PVD) completed the study. Subjects received 45 min of VCT for 10 sessions three times weekly. Blood flow (calf+foot) was measured via venous occlusion plethysmography.Results: Among Variables of "Arterial Inflow", "Venous Outflow", "Venous Capacity", "Postischemic Reactive Hyperemia" and "Peak Flow of Reactive Hyperemia", only "Venous Outflow" significantly improved after 10 sessions treatment via VCT (P<0.05).Conclusions: Arterial blood inflow, which was the most important determinant evaluated in this study, was not increased via VCT. Additional studies are required to investigate the effective VCT parameters and duration of each session and number of sessions, considering progressive and deteriorative natural history of diabetes.

Tillage reduces soil compaction while increasing soil porosity. Cover plants are fast-growing plants with great impacts on the physical and chemical properties of soil. The confined Compression curve indicates the relationship between stress and void ratio. This research evaluated the impact of tillage types and cover plants on Gompertz model coefficients. In this research, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications in Hamadan province. Experimental factors were tillage at three levels, including conventional tillage, conservation tillage, or minimum tillage and no-tillage systems, with cover plant factor at three levels of Vicia, Lathyrus sativus, and no cover plant. Samples were taken at the end of the growing season. To measure the confined Compression curve, intact samples were used at 6, 30, and 1500 kPa. The effect of treatments on the coefficients of the confined Compression curve revealed that coefficients, b, and c were reduced in Lathyrus sativus and Vicia, respectively compared to the crop plant due to the higher organic matter content. Also, there was a reduction in the soil compressibility of these plants (Lathyrus sativus and Vicia). The pre-compaction stress in different treatments ranged between 2.46 and 2.58 kPa, with the highest value in Vicia under minimum tillage treatment. In general, the results demonstrated that the use of cover plants and conservation tillage leads to not only a decrease in soil compaction but also an improvement in the physical and mechanical properties of the soil, decreasing soil compressibility.

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSoil compaction is a crucial factor that limits plant growth and reduces yield. To assess the level of compaction, the compaction curve is used, which shows the relationship between compressive stress and void ratio. This curve comprises three main components: pre-Compression stress, Compression index, and swelling index. The soil behaves elastically along the swelling line but becomes plastic and irreversible at the end of the virgin compaction line. The point where these two lines intersect is known as pre-compaction stress. The soil swelling index indicates its resilience and elasticity, while the compaction index reflects its ability to resist or undergo compaction. Some researchers have used the ratio of swelling index to compaction index to express soil's ability to recover after being subjected to stress. As long as applied stress does not exceed pre-compaction stress, soil exhibits elastic properties. To date, no comprehensive study has been conducted on how tillage type and cover crop type affect confined Compression curve parameters. Therefore, this research aims to investigate how changing tillage systems and cover crop types impact soil compaction characteristics at different suctions.MethodologyThis study was conducted at Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran, to investigate the effect of tillage type and cover crop type on the components of the confined Compression curve. The cover crop factor was tested in three levels: Vicia ash, Lathyrus sativus, and no cover crop. The tillage factor was tested in three levels: conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and no tillage. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block factorial with three replications over two consecutive crop years. The Experiments were conducted at three suctions of 6, 30, and 1500 kPa. The confined Compression curve was measured using a uniaxial device under a loading rate of 1 mm/min. The test consisted of two stages: loading and unloading. During the loading stage, 100 readings were taken at 0.01 mm intervals with an additional force of 10 kPa applied to the sample at each interval. During the unloading stage, 33 readings were taken at 0.03 mm intervals. Finally, the components of the confined compaction curve including pre-compaction stress, compaction index, and swelling index were determined.FindingsThe results indicated that the highest compaction index values for suction levels of 30 and 1500 kPa were observed in the tillage treatment without cover crops, with values of 0.63 and 0.75, respectively. The effectiveness of tillage and cover crop types was found to be dependent on soil suction levels, with significant changes in soil compaction occurring at lower suctions. Conservation tillage was observed to improve soil compaction compared to conventional tillage. At the suction level of 6 kPa, the cover crop had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the swelling index, while the effect of tillage on this parameter was not significant. The reduction in compaction index due to cover crop application may be attributed to increased binding properties of soil particles, reduced deformation against external forces, and increased soil resilience. At the suction level of 6 kPa, higher moisture content resulted in differences in mechanical characteristics of the soil due to different cultivation systems and plant types. Overall, the results indicated that an increase in soil suction leads to an increase in pre-Compression stress. However, no significant changes were observed in the three parameters investigated at suctions of 1500 kPa and 30 kPa. It is possible that the interaction between tillage type, cover crop type, and moisture content at this suction level contributed to the increase in pre-compaction stress observed in the conservation tillage-cover crop treatment. This may be due to improvements in soil structure, which have a significant impact on soil compaction properties. At the matric suction of 1500 kPa, the highest compaction index value was observed in the tillage treatment without cover crops (0.754). At lower suctions, cover crops were found to reduce compressibility by increasing soil elasticity, while treatments without cover crops were more susceptible to compaction.ConclusionIn conclusion, the study investigated the impact of tillage practices, cover crop types, and soil suction levels on soil compaction properties. The findings revealed that the compaction index values were highest in the tillage treatment without cover crops at suction levels of 30 and 1500 kPa, indicating greater susceptibility to compaction in the absence of cover crops. The effectiveness of tillage and cover crops varied depending on soil suction levels, with notable changes in compaction occurring at lower suctions. It was observed that treatments that increase organic matter in the soil, decrease soil compressibility. Overall, the results have shown that using cover crops and conservation tillage systems in semi-arid areas plays an important role in reducing soil compaction.

Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a promising therapeutic technique for pain control in patients with pathologic fractures of vertebral bodies. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is an appropriate treatment for vertebral pathologic fractures, which is resistant to other usual treatment. It is a useful and only choice in special cases, because of less tissue damage and there is no risk of open surgery and patient's embolization is rapid. Herein we described the first case of percutaneous vertebroplasty in Yazd shahid sadoughi teaching hospital, which was done in ordybehesht 1386 in a 72 years old male with pathologic fracture of 2 lumbar vertebrae. He was suffered from pain and disability and open surgery was not appropriate treatment for him.